Graphene Oxide, Part 1
Is ‘graphene oxide’ in vaccines a legitimate medical concern? [1]
Graphene oxide gives a boost to new intranasal flu vaccine ”Researchers at Georgia State University and Emory University have developed an intranasal influenza vaccine using recombinant hemagglutinin (HA), a protein found on the surface of influenza viruses, as the antigen component of the vaccine. They also created a two-dimensional nanomaterial (polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles) and found that it displayed potent adjuvant (immunoenhancing) effects on influenza vaccines delivered intranasally. “ Graphene oxide gives a boost to new intranasal flu vaccine
[2]
“Encapsulation in lipid particles has helped stabilize the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and other RNA therapies currently on the market. Hai Wang, Ph.D., and colleagues at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology in Beijing, decided to adapt this idea and test whether a specially designed graphene oxide hydrogel could help stabilize and focus mRNA vaccine treatment for cancer, as well as reducing repeat dosing.” [3]
Note on graphene oxide toxicity:
* Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies.
* Various factors determine the toxicity of GFNs including the lateral size, surface structure, functionalization, charge, impurities, aggregations, and corona effect etc..
* Typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity: physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis.
In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways.
“GFNs can be delivered into bodies by intratracheal instillation [30], oral administration [31], intravenous injection [32], intraperitoneal injection [33] and subcutaneous injection [34]. GFNs can induce acute and chronic injuries in tissues by penetrating through the blood-air barrier, blood-testis barrier, blood-brain barrier, and blood-placenta barrier etc. and accumulating in the lung, liver, and spleen etc. …
some graphene nanomaterials aerosols can be inhaled and substantial deposition in the respiratory tract, and they can easily penetrate through the tracheobronchial airways and then transit down to the lower lung airways, resulting in the subsequent formation of granulomas, lung fibrosis and adverse health effects to exposed persons [2, 29] …
The toxicological mechanisms of GFNs demonstrated in recent studies mainly contain inflammatory response, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis etc., and those mechanisms can be collected to further explore the complex signalling pathways network regulating the toxicity of GFNs.”
[4]
Key words:
graphene: a flat monolayer composed of single-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheets of a hexagonally arranged honeycomb lattice, isolated from crystalline graphite [4]
graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs)
graphene oxide: vital chemical graphene derivatives of GFN
Footnotes:
https://www.quora.com/Is-graphene-oxide-in-vaccines-a-legitimate-medical-concern
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016836591630373X?via%3Dihub
https://www.clinicalomics.com/topics/molecular-dx-topic/rna/mrna/graphene-hydrogel-could-help-mrna-vaccine-target-cancer-more-effectively/
https://particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y